The USA
教学目标
一、教学目标与要求 通过本单元教学，学生应能熟练地运用表示“提供和拒绝帮助”的常用语；复习句子的成分——主语；了解纽约的发展历史和土著人被压迫的历史。二、教学重点与难点 1．重点词汇 1. a handful of 2. tear down 3. turn away 4. now that引导状语从句 5. take possession of 6. have an effect on 7. make agreements with 8. become know as… 9. deal with 10. in turn 11. in the rush 2．重点句型 1)Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal. 2)This is because the surface of the earth is not flat but round. 3)Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison. 4)This in return had an effect on the food supply for wolves. 3．语法 复习和归纳句子的成分——主语 1)The first settlers on the plains were farmers． 2)The killing of the bison changed the whole wild life of the plains. 3)Whether he will come or not is unknown． 4)To see is to believe． 5)The learned should be respected.
教学建议
教学教法： 进入高三下学期的学习，基本进入了全面备考状态。北京特级教师张铁城老师有如下建议： 1． 对近年高考题精耕细作，反对盲目的题海战术。 2． 不要单纯背词汇表，要把词汇与语法结合起来，要在具体语篇中记忆词汇。 3． 要多读多题材的阅读文，特别是现代生活中的热点问题。 4． 要增加听力训练的力度，充分利用高三课本资源。词语辨析： 1.By 1820 the population of New York had grown to about 125 000, making it the largest city in the USA． making it the largest city in the USA是分词短语作结果状语。动词make 意为“使成为”，接名词或形容词构成复合结构。如： The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay． Her husband died in the war, making her a widow with three children 2.In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th Street and across three avenues． 1）tear（tore，tom）是动词，意为“撕开，扯掉”。短语动词 tear down，意为“撕下，拆毁”。如： tear down a notice 撕下一张通知 tear down a dangerous wall 拆毁一道危墙 2）reach作“延伸”解。reaching from 59th Street. . . and across three avenues是现在分词作定语，修饰Central Park，相当于一个定语从句。 ①现在分词作后置定语相当于限制性定语从句，表示主动的动作或动作正在进行。 Anyone swimming will be punished． The road joining the two villages is very wide．连接这两个村子的路非常宽。 ③现在分词的被动语态作后置定语（既表示被动，也表示动作正在进行） The question being discussed is very important. Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher? 3.In 1892 the age of mass arrival began, during which 15 million new people passed through Ellis into the USA. over a period of 62 years． 1）mass是名词，意为“大量，大批”，mass arrival是名词修饰名词，mass作定语。英语中名词修饰名词是常有的现象。如： head teacher班主任 express train快车 news broadcast 新闻广播 welcome speech 欢迎词 time table时间表 orange juice 橘子汁 press conference 记者招待会 research project研究计划 power plant电厂 weather forecast天气预报 2）pass through为固定短语，含义为“穿过，通过，路过”，其中 through既可当介词用，也可当副词用。如： He passed through unspeakable difficulties. We're just passing through on our way to Shanghai 4.now that，due to，because of，owing to，since，as 1）now that．作“既然”时相当于since．突出事实性，而as作“既然”语气较弱。有时now that中的that可省去。如： Now（that）you are well again，you can travel．你既然恢复了健康，就能够旅行了。 2）due to作“由于，因为，应归功于”时常作表语或跟在名词后。如：The flight was cancelled due to the storm．班机因暴风雨停航了。 3）because of“由于，因为”只能引导副词短语，在句中作状语或表语。如： Lincoln is admired because of his leadership．林肯由于出色的.领导而受到人们的赞赏。 4）owing to“由于，因为”常在现代英语中与 because of，due to换用。如： Owing to unfavourable weather，I was unable to carry on with it．由于天气不好。我不能把它进行下去。
教学目标
一、教学目标与要求 通过本单元教学，学生应能熟练地运用表示“提供和拒绝帮助”的常用语；复习句子的成分——主语；了解纽约的发展历史和土著人被压迫的历史。二、教学重点与难点 1．重点词汇 1. a handful of 2. tear down 3. turn away 4. now that引导状语从句 5. take possession of 6. have an effect on 7. make agreements with 8. become know as… 9. deal with 10. in turn 11. in the rush 2．重点句型 1)Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal. 2)This is because the surface of the earth is not flat but round. 3)Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison. 4)This in return had an effect on the food supply for wolves. 3．语法 复习和归纳句子的成分——主语 1)The first settlers on the plains were farmers． 2)The killing of the bison changed the whole wild life of the plains. 3)Whether he will come or not is unknown． 4)To see is to believe． 5)The learned should be respected.
教学建议
教学教法： 进入高三下学期的学习，基本进入了全面备考状态。北京特级教师张铁城老师有如下建议： 1． 对近年高考题精耕细作，反对盲目的题海战术。 2． 不要单纯背词汇表，要把词汇与语法结合起来，要在具体语篇中记忆词汇。 3． 要多读多题材的阅读文，特别是现代生活中的热点问题。 4． 要增加听力训练的力度，充分利用高三课本资源。词语辨析： 1.By 1820 the population of New York had grown to about 125 000, making it the largest city in the USA． making it the largest city in the USA是分词短语作结果状语。动词make 意为“使成为”，接名词或形容词构成复合结构。如： The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay． Her husband died in the war, making her a widow with three children 2.In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th Street and across three avenues． 1）tear（tore，tom）是动词，意为“撕开，扯掉”。短语动词 tear down，意为“撕下，拆毁”。如： tear down a notice 撕下一张通知 tear down a dangerous wall 拆毁一道危墙 2）reach作“延伸”解。reaching from 59th Street. . . and across three avenues是现在分词作定语，修饰Central Park，相当于一个定语从句。 ①现在分词作后置定语相当于限制性定语从句，表示主动的动作或动作正在进行。 Anyone swimming will be punished． The road joining the two villages is very wide．连接这两个村子的路非常宽。 ③现在分词的被动语态作后置定语（既表示被动，也表示动作正在进行） The question being discussed is very important. Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher? 3.In 1892 the age of mass arrival began, during which 15 million new people passed through Ellis into the USA. over a period of 62 years． 1）mass是名词，意为“大量，大批”，mass arrival是名词修饰名词，mass作定语。英语中名词修饰名词是常有的现象。如： head teacher班主任 express train快车 news broadcast 新闻广播 welcome speech 欢迎词 time table时间表 orange juice 橘子汁 press conference 记者招待会 research project研究计划 power plant电厂 weather forecast天气预报 2）pass through为固定短语，含义为“穿过，通过，路过”，其中 through既可当介词用，也可当副词用。如： He passed through unspeakable difficulties. We're just passing through on our way to Shanghai 4.now that，due to，because of，owing to，since，as 1）now that．作“既然”时相当于since．突出事实性，而as作“既然”语气较弱。有时now that中的that可省去。如： Now（that）you are well again，you can travel．你既然恢复了健康，就能够旅行了。 2）due to作“由于，因为，应归功于”时常作表语或跟在名词后。如：The flight was cancelled due to the storm．班机因暴风雨停航了。 3）because of“由于，因为”只能引导副词短语，在句中作状语或表语。如： Lincoln is admired because of his leadership．林肯由于出色的领导而受到人们的赞赏。 4）owing to“由于，因为”常在现代英语中与 because of，due to换用。如： Owing to unfavourable weather，I was unable to carry on with it．由于天气不好。我不能把它进行下去。
Lesson 49教学设计方案（一）
StepI:Reading comprehension:
I) Fast Reading: Search for answers within 2 minutes.
1. Why Ellis Island became known as the “Island of Tears”?
2.Why New York is safe to build very tall buildings.
II)Reading comprehension:Finish Exs1 of page193.
III)Use a word to summarize each paragraph.
Paragraph1: location
Paragraph2: parks
Paragraph3: Island of Tears
Paragraph4: buildings
Paragraph5: New York never sleep
StepII.Listening practice.(Close their books.listen each paragraph and answer questions 附：作为高考听力训练。为教师提供了全部内容，教师可酌情选用)
Paragraph1:
1.Who and when were the islands discovered?(1524, an Italian explorer)
2.How much did the island of Manhattan cost when it was bought from local Indians?
(a handful of goods.)
Paragraph2:
1. When did New York became the largest city in the USA?(1820)
2.What did Central Park include?(space for summer picnic,open air concerts,plays and games;
a zoo, an art museum, a boating lake ,a small lake…)
Paragraph3:
1.What began in 1892?
2.What kind of museum is Ellis Island today?
3.How many people were turned away?
4.What kind of tests did the people have to pass through?
Paragraph4:
1.Which tall building was completed in 1931?
2.How many storeys did the World Trade Center have?
Paragraph5:
1.Why can we say “New York never sleeps”?
2.Why did some people dislike the city?
StepIII.Language points:(使学生在语境中体会词汇的意义及用法。并可提高上课效率)
I) Read the passage in details and pay enough attention to the Language.
II) Close their books and fill in the blanks.
Paragraph1:
In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about $24. Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal.
Paragrph2:
In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th Street.
Paragraph3:
In 1892 the age of mass arrivals began, during which 15 million new people passed through Ellis Island into the USA over a period of 62 years.Today Ellis Island is a museum, showing the roots of America’s new citizens, who came from all the corners of the earth.
Paragraph4:
The twin towers are 110 storeys high, but high-speed lifts controlled by computer take only a minute to reach the top.
But unfortunately the twin towers were destroyed by terrorist attacks on Septimber 11th,2001.
Paragrah5:
New York never sleeps. The underground railway runs 24 hours a day, and there are all-night cinemas,bars and restaurants. Some people think that the weather is unpleasant,the city ugly and dirty, the competition fierce and the streets unsafe.It is a city in a hurrry, but a very exciting place to be.
B.Language points:
1.It is a city in a hurrry, but a very exciting place to be
现在分词和过去分词在意义上不同。一般说来，现在分词表示主动的意义，过去分词表示被动的意义。
试比较：
1)an exciting game:一场激动人心的球赛（球赛使人激动）
excited spectators 激动的观众。（观众被激动）
2)a moving film:一个动人的影片（影片使人感动）
a moved audience.一常被感动了的观众。（观众被感动）
2.the competition fierce and the streets unsafe.
1) violent and angry: fierce dog,winds,attacks
have a fierce look.
2)intense: fierce concentration
3)unpleasantly or uncontrolled strong: fierce heat.
His plan met with fierce opposition.
3. In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about $24. Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal.
A.worth:adj 形容词 be worth:动词
英语的一个简单句中必须要有一个动词，be worth做动词时不能漏掉be. 而worth做形容词修饰名词的用法，老师们要提起注意，也许会成为高考的考点。
I paid only $4000 for this used car but it’s worth a lot more.
B.deal: n.名词agreement,esp in business. 协议，交易。
They both wanted to use the car, so they did a deal.(=reach a compromise)
It’s a deal.(=I agree to your terms.我同意你的条件)
StepIV.Writing a composition:
The fierce wars between the new settlers and the local Indians broke out.Settlers made agreements with Native Americans chiefs but always broke them afterwards.At last, they came to a deal: The Native Americans were forced onto the poor land that the settlers did not want.
Passage 2:
To our surprise,the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians for a handful of goods worth about $24. Even today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal.In 1858 an area of poor housing was torn down and Central Park was created.
Lesson 49 教学设计方案（二）
Step 1 Revision
Find out how much the students know about the USA. Ask some rapid questions around the class. What is the capital of the USA? (Washington, D. C.) Who is the President of the USA? Name three past Presidents of the USA. In which city is the tallest building? (Chicago.) How many States are there in the USA? (50; 48 contiguous States, plus Alaska and Hawaii.) Which American President brought an end to slavery and was shot in a theatre? (Abraham Lincoln.) What was “the gold rush”? (The time when thousands of people went to California to look for gold.) Where are the two Disneylands ? (Los Angeles and Florida.) What is the name of the centre of the film industry in Los Angeles? (Hollywood.) What prize is given to film actors and directors? (An Oscar.)
Step 2 Presentation and discussion
SB Page 1, Part 1. Find out how much the Ss know about New York. Write the title of the text on the Bb and ask the Ss to tell you what they know. Put any useful notes and key words that arise out of this discussion on the Bb. Teach the new words skyscraper, avenue, etc. Get Ss to talk about the picture and describe what they can see.
Step 3 Reading for general understanding
Read the task aloud. Allow the Ss enough time to read the text and tick the subjects which are mentioned in the text. Check the answers with the class. (Population; history; government; sports; transport; parks; buildings.)
Step 4 Reading
Wb Lesson 49, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Let them read the whole passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs or small groups. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a good time to deal with any language problems. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of handful.
Notes：
a New York is the largest city in the USA, with an estimated population of 7,165,000 in the city and 9,119,737 in the metropolitan area (1984 dates). It is made up of five boroughs： Manhat tan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. It is the largest US port, the country's trade centre, and, with its banks and stock exchange, the financial centre of the world. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York.
b The group of islands includes Manhattan, Long Island, Staten Island.
c The first westerner to discover： Point out the structure “the + superlative/ordinal number + noun + to + infinitive”. The meaning is the first westerner who discovered.
d In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian in the service of the French King Francis I, discovered the island of Manhattan. In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up the river which is named after him. He was on a voyage for the Dutch East India Company in his ship Half Moon.
e In 1624 the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was started on lower Manhattan.
f a handful = the amount of goods that can be held in one's hand (s). Similar expressions： mouthful, armful, pocketful.
g Peter Minuit is said to have bought the island of Manhattan for $24 worth of goods.
h making it = when New York grew to 125,000 people, it became the largest city in the USA.
i was torn down = was destroyed. Tear down is usually used with buildings, but can also be used with large notices and political banners.
j reaching from 59th Street ...： Manhattan is organized on a grid system. Avenues run north to south and streets run east to west.
k the age of mass arrivals = a time when people arrive in the US in large numbers
l Ellis Island is in Upper New York Bay. From 1892-1943 it was the chief entry station for immigrants to the US.
m went up = was built
n The tallest building in the US is the Sears Tower in Chicago. It was completed in 1974, has 110 storeys and is 443 metres high (32 metres taller than the World Trade Center).
o this is no mistake = this is not a mistake
p This is because： This refers to the previous sentence.
Q New York never sleeps： Point out that things, like cities, can be compared to human beings.
r the underground railway： in American English subway. The first subway was built in 1904.
s all-night = which stay open all night long
t the city ugly and dirty ... unsafe： Point out the ellipsis and the omission of is in these three phrases.
u a very exciting place to be： a set expression (= it is very exciting to be there)
Step 5 Discussion
Get Ss to work through these questions in pairs or small groups, then check the answers at the end.
1 Islands provide safety from attack and shelter for ships from storms.
2 They feel that they were “robbed” in an unfair business deal.
3 Manhattan Island is made of solid rock, which provides firm foundations for tall buildings.
4 Because land is scarce and very expensive.
5 A, B and C are all good answers.
6 C
7 C
Step 6 Reading aloud
Speech Cassette Lesson 49. Play the tape of the passage for the Ss to listen and follow. Play the tape of part of the passage once more; this time the Ss listen and repeat. Suitable sections might be the paragraph “In 1892 ...” to practise sentence stress and intonation in longer sentences, also the paragraph “The building of skyscrapers in New York began ...” to practise numbers.
Step 7 Workbook
Wb Lesson 49, Exx. 2-3.
Get the Ss to read through the sentences in Ex. 2 and discuss in pairs. Then check the answers with the whole class.
Ex. 3 can be done as part of consolidation in the next step if time permits.
Step 8 Consolidation
Ask Ss what they have learnt about New York in this lesson, especially anything that was new for them. Get them to tell each other in pairs first, and then get pairs to tell the rest of the class.
Homework
Read the passage again.
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Get the Ss to make notes about New York.
Lesson 50教学设计方案
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework exercises.
2 Do the following exercise.
What is important about these dates or figures?
1524 $24 125,0001858 1892 15,000,000
2,000,000 1900 193 1 73 50,000 24 hours
Step 2 Presentation
Find out how much the Ss know about the central plains of America. Write the title of the text on the Bb and ask Ss to tell you anything they know. Put any useful notes and key words that arise out of this discussion on the Bb. Teach the new word bison, using the picture in the book. Then SB Page 3, Part 1. Get Ss to talk about the picture and describe what they can see.
Step 3 Reading for general understanding
Read aloud the two questions. Then tell the Ss to read the passage quickly and write down the answers to the questions. Allow the Ss enough time to read the text, write down the answers and compare them in pairs. (1 The settlers killed them, forced them to leave their hunting grounds, broke agreements which they had made, forced them onto poor land, and killed most of the bison on which Native Americans had relied for food. 2 The killing of large numbers of bison changed the whole wildlife chain on the plains.)
Step 4 Reading
Wb Lesson 50, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Let them read the whole passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs or small groups. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a goodtime to deal with any language problems. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of westwards, afterwards, widespread, rot, etc.
Notes：
a bison： This is a large mammal, related to cattle.The scientific name is bison, and the common name is buffalo, as used in the name Buffalo Bill. The term bison is used to distinguish it from the domesticated water-buffalo found in North Africa and Asia, and the wild African buffalo, which is dangerous.
b across the country： Point out that many prepositions like across can be used to indicate place as well as motion.
c Now that they could ride horses = Because they could now ride horses
d a shoulder-height： height from the ground to the shoulder. This is the common way of measuring many large mammals, e.g. horses, cattle, deer.
e When they objected = Whenever they objected
f broke them： You break a promise or an agreement.
g While early settlers： While expresses a contrast between the two clauses.
h With fewer bison=When there were fewer bison
i so grass：so expresses the result
j died out=ceased to exist .Aliving thing dies,but a group of living things dies out when there are no more of them.
k prairie dog： common name given in the US to the ground squirrel, which is also found in Africa and Eurasia. Other common names are chipmunks and gophers. Ground squirrels are between 20and 80 cm long and are usually colouredgreyish. They may live in burrows in the ground or may shelter in hollow logs or trees.
Step 5 Comprehension
SB Page 4, Part 2.Get Ss to work through this exercise in pairs, then check the answers with the whole class.
1 F The first settlers were Native Americans who lived by hunting animals and gathering food.
2 F The first horses were brought to America by the Spanish.
3 T
4 F They were forced to move away.
5 T
6 T
7 F Native Americans made use of the whole animal when they killed it, but later settlers took only the skins of the bison.8 T
Step 6 Reading aloud
Speech Cassette Lesson 50. Play the tape of the passage for the Ss to listen and follow. Play the tape of part of the passage once more; this time the Ss listen and repeat. A suitable section might be the paragraph “The killing of the bison …” to practise intonation and the sentence stress of longer sentences.
Step 7 Reference
SB Page 4, Part 4. Get Ss to do this exercise individually or in pairs, then check the answers with the class.
Answers：
1 they arrived …America
2 wild horses
3 Native Americans
4 bison's
5 the settlers' own plains
6 Native Americans'
7 agreements
8 The settlers
9 the soil
10 the prairie dog
11 There was less food …for the prairie dog.
12 a change in the number of bison
Step 8 Workbook
Wb Lesson 50, Exx. 2-3.
Before doing Ex. 2, Ss should read the last paragraph of the reading passage again. Ask them to find out the first sentence (Millions of bison were killed by settlers). Then pairwork. Check the answers with the whole class by calling out individual Ss to do the exercise. Ex. 3 can be done orally in groups or pairs. Check the answers in class. Get the Ss to write it down in their exercise books.
Step 9 Consolidation
SB Page 4, Part 3. This can, if preferred, be done as homework, when Ss read the text again.The final diagram should look like this：
Ask Ss what they have learnt about bison and the plains of America in this lesson, especially anything that was new for them.
Homework
Read the passage again and complete the diagram in Part 3, if this was not done in class.
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Lesson 51教学设计方案
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework exercises.
2 Ask Ss what they remember from the text in the previous lesson about bison and the plains of America. Get them to tell each other in pairs first, and then get pairs to tell the rest of the class. Ask Ss if there are any parts of China where people live in the same life-style as the Native Americans of long ago. Get students to tell the class what they know about these people.
Step 2 Grammar study
The arrangement of the grammar study and practice sections is different in SB3B from the other books (SB 1 A----SB3A). Teachers should note the following points.
1 Previously, grammar points were presented and practised item by item. Now that all the grammar points have been taught, they arepresented in categories for the purpose of revision, e.g. the Subject.
2 In the Grammar study section in the third lesson of every unit, all the examples of the grammatical category are presented together. Some of the examples may seem elementary for students, but they are presented once again for the purpose of completeness.
3 In the Grammar practice section, the more difficult items are practised in the normal way. Some of the exercises involve translation, as this is a skill required at this stage.
4 The Workbook contains more exercises for practising the structures.
5 The Checkpoint in the fourth lesson of each unit contains only the grammatical heading, but no examples. Teachers should therefore return to the Grammar study section in the third lesson of the unit when they come to revise the grammatical category of the unit.
SB Page 5, Part 1. Go through the Grammar study section with the class, getting students to translate the sentences. Do not spend time revising the simpler structures, as students should know these. Draw attention to any difficult points suggested below. If students have difficulty, do not spend too much time explaining. Instead, prepare a short revision exercise and produce it in class when you revise the grammatical category in the next lesson.
Notes：
4 Point out the concord of 2 million and were(= 2 million people)
6, 7 Point out that the use of “to + infinitive” is rare as the subject of the sentence. It is only used in formal careful writing, and is used less and less today. Tell Ss that you do not expect them to use this structure in their compositions. Write up the more common alternatives on the Bb.
6 It was a wonderful idea to create Central Park.
7 It needs a lot of money to improve the agricultural land.
10 = Work is easier and faster if you have several people to help you. The proverb is often shortened in speech to “Many hands”.
11 Point out the singular verb.
12, 13 Point out that these structures are only used in formal, careful writing.
14 Point out the use of “the + adjective” to describe a group of people.
Wb Lesson 51, Ex. 1. Get Ss to read the sentences, put them into Chinese and then point out the subject of each sentence.
Step 3 Practice
SB Page 5, Part 2. Explain that Ss have to translate the Chinese section of each sentence into English. Get them to do this orally in pairs and then check the answers with the class at the end.
1 To show visitors around New York is never too much trouble for him.
2 What is needed in this country is stricter control of guns.
3 Finding somewhere to eat at three in the morning is no big problem. (= not a big problem)
4 Whether we (shall) go to the mountains next weekend or not depends on the weather.
5 What has happened is that the telegraph wires have been blown down in the storm.
6 3 and 17 do not make nineteen; they make twenty.
7 To take her into hospital or not was a question.
8 Paying for health care costs a lot of money, especially at this clinic.
9 How many people died in that battle was never discovered.
10 That people spend so much money on their dogs in America astonishes me.
11 To meet a Native American chief was a great honour.
12 How much money was stolen from the bank is not yet known.
13 Too many cooks means it is not a good idea to have a lot of people doing the same task.
Step 4 Workbook
Wb Lesson 51, Exx. 2 - 3.
For Ex. 2, let the Ss work in pairs. Note that either the -ing form or infinitive can be used in Sentences 1, 3, 8 and 9. Check the answers with the whole class. Put down the English part on Bb.Allow the Ss a few minutes to go over the sentences in Ex. 3 and try to correct the mistakes independently. Then discuss with the whole class. Correct the sentences and make necessary explanation.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
探究活动
关于9.11的探究活动：你认为是谁策划了9.11恐怖袭击？
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